Jenkins failing to load any plugins

Jenkins setup: 2.204.6 running in docker container.

After uninstalling some plugins via the UI and rebooting jenkins, it fails to load any plugins:

INFO    hudson.WebAppMain#contextInitialized: Jenkins home directory: /var/jenkins_home found at: EnvVars.masterEnvVars.get("JENKINS_HOME")
INFO    o.e.j.s.handler.ContextHandler#doStart: Started w.@d2de489{Jenkins v2.204.6,/,file:///var/jenkins_home/war/,AVAILABLE}{/var/jenkins_home/war}
INFO    o.e.j.server.AbstractConnector#doStart: Started ServerConnector@380fb434{HTTP/1.1,[http/1.1]}{0.0.0.0:8080}
INFO    org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server#doStart: Started @1312ms
INFO    winstone.Logger#logInternal: Winstone Servlet Engine v4.0 running: controlPort=disabled
INFO    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Started initialization
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Structs Plugin v324.va_f5d6774f3a_d (structs)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Credentials Plugin v1143.vb_e8b_b_ceee347 (credentials)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Caffeine API Plugin v2.9.3-65.v6a_47d0f4d1fe (caffeine-api)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Script Security Plugin v1229.v4880b_b_e905a_6 (script-security)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Trilead API Plugin v1.67.vc3938a_35172f (trilead-api)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Command Agent Launcher Plugin v1.2 (command-launcher)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Authentication Tokens API Plugin v1.3 (authentication-tokens)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Pipeline: Step API v639.v6eca_cd8c04a_a_ (workflow-step-api)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Plain Credentials Plugin v1.4 (plain-credentials)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin SSH Credentials Plugin v305.v8f4381501156 (ssh-credentials)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Credentials Binding Plugin v1.16 (credentials-binding)
SEVERE    jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onTaskFailed: Failed Loading plugin Docker Commons Plugin v1.13 (docker-commons)
...

The UI displays an stacktrace related to the inability to activate the AD plugin and load permission settings.

Filesystem permissions are fine. There are NO log entries about dependency issues, version incompatibility, etc.

Any ideas what could be wrong?

Update:
After temporarily disabling security, Jenkins managed to load and I got access to the UI and the admin panel (/manage) displayed a list of plugin dependency issues. It seems that some of the plugins somehow got updated to newer versions that are not compatible with our jenkins version. One of them was the Mailer plugin, which is a dependency of the AD plugin. After fixing it, Jenkins was able to load the Active Directory plugin and I was able to restore security. Then I proceeded with fixing the rest of the plugins.